RESUMO
Nanotechnology has widespread applications in sports; however, there are very few studies reporting the use of nanotechnology to enhance physical performance. We hypothesize that a natural-mineral-based novel nanomaterial, which was developed from Japanese hot springs, might overcome the limitations. We examined if it could enhance physical performance. We conducted a treadmill exercise test on 18 students of athletic clubs at Fukushima University, Japan, and measured heart rate, oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient 106 times in total. The results showed that the elevation of heart rate was significantly suppressed in the natural-mineral-based nanomaterial group, while no differences were observed in oxygen consumption, maximal oxygen consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient between groups. To our knowledge, this result is the first evidence where an improvement of cardiovascular and pulmonary functions was induced by bringing a natural-mineral-based nanomaterial into contact with or close to a living body without pharmacological intervention or physical intervention. This could open new avenue of biomedical industries even in an eco-friendly direction. The precise mechanisms remain a matter for further investigation; however, we may assume that endothelial NO synthase, hemoglobin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor are deeply involved in the improvement of cardiovascular and pulmonary functions.
RESUMO
The effect of the functional groups of capping agents was investigated in the synthesis of copper selenide, copper sulphide and copper oxide nanoparticles using oleylamine (OLA) and trioctylphosphine (TOP). These capping molecules have demonstrated their ability to act as reducing agents, surfactants, solvents and enhancement of colloidal stabilization. They also offer electron donating abilities from the two group 5A elements, P and N. Nitrogen atom in an amine group possess stronger surface interactions and higher basicity than P atom in the phosphines. Copper chalcogenide nanoparticles were prepared using Hot-injection method and characterized using UV/Vis spectroscopy, TEM and XRD. The optical and structural properties of the yielded nanoparticles showed dependence on the type of capping interactions from the two agents. Nanoparticles synthesized using TOP produced two phases whereas a single phase was observed from OLA as confirmed by XRD. Although TOP and OLA exhibit similar features, but their affinity to metals differs resulting to significant different morphology and crystallinity of the produced nanoparticles. Amine group has higher affinity for protons than phosphine due to the lone pair of electrons it possesses which it easily donates to H+ compared to phosphine. The high proton affinity of oleylamine makes it interact faster than trioctylphosphine. OLA in overall produced larger particle sizes compared to TOP but generated a wider variety of shapes.
RESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar y preparar liposomas convencionales que contengan un fármaco anfifílico. Para ello, se diseñó una formulación de este tipo de liposomas preparados mediante el método de agitación manual. La optimización de la distribución de tamaño liposomal se realizó por dos métodos: sonicación y extrusión. Este último generó liposomas de menor diámetro medio y menor rango de diámetros, siendo el de elección para obtener liposomas de un fármaco anfifílico modelo (diclofenac sódico). Su incorporación se realizó en la membrana lipídica y en el volumen acuoso de los liposomas, y en cada caso se compararon los porcentajes de captura y distribución de tamaños. Ambas determinaciones resultaron similares para los dos tipos de liposomas. También se determinó la cesión de ambos tipos de diclofenac liposomal y se compararon entre ellas con una solución del fármaco libre. Las cesiones de los dos tipos de diclofenac liposomal fueron comparables mientras que ambas difirieron significativamente de la del fármaco libre.
The goal of this work is to design and prepare conventional liposomes containing an amphiphillic drug. Conventional liposomes were prepared by hand shaken method.The liposomal distribution size was optimized by sonication and extrusion. Extrusion produced the lower mean diameter and the lower diameter range, so it was chosen for the preparation of liposomes containing a model amphiphilic drug (sodium diclofenac). The drug encapsulation was performed in the liposomes lipidic bilayer and in the aqueous volume. The capture percentage and size distribution were compared for each case. Both determinations were similar for both kinds of liposomes. The cession was determined for each kind of liposomes containing diclofenac and compared between them and a solution of free drug. The cessions were similar for both liposomal formulation and they were very different from free drug cession.
